集合类不安全之List
假设线程A将通过迭代器next()获取下一元素时，从而将其打印出来。但之前，其他某线程添加新元素至list，结构发生了改变，modCount自增。当线程A运行到checkForComodification()，expectedModCount是modCount之前自增的值，判定modCount != expectedModCount为真，继而抛出ConcurrentModificationException。
解决方法：
- Vector
- Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<>())
- CopyOnWriteArrayList（推荐）
CopyOnWriteArrayList（推荐）
public class CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>
implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
/** The array, accessed only via getArray/setArray. */
private transient volatile Object[] array;
final Object[] getArray() {
return array;
}
final void setArray(Object[] a) {
array = a;
}
...
public boolean add(E e) {
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
Object[] elements = getArray();
int len = elements.length;
Object[] newElements = Arrays.copyOf(elements, len + 1);
newElements[len] = e;
setArray(newElements);
return true;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
...
public String toString() {
return Arrays.toString(getArray());
}
...
}
CopyOnWrite容器即写时复制的容器。待一个容器添加元素的时候，不直接往当前容器Object[]添加，而是先将当前容器Object[]进行copy，复制出一个新的容器Object[] newELements，然后新的容器Object[ ] newELements里添加元素，添加完元素之后，再将原容器的引用指向新的容器setArray (newELements)。
这样做的好处是可以对CopyOnWrite容器进行并发的读，而不需要加锁（区别于Vector和Collections.synchronizedList()），因为当前容器不会添加任何元素。所以CopyOnWrite容器也是一种读写分离的思想，读和写不同的容器。
集合类不安全之Set
HashSet也是非线性安全的。（HashSet内部是包装了一个HashMap的）
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArraySet;
public class SetNotSafeDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();
//Set<String> set = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<>());
//Set<String> set = new CopyOnWriteArraySet<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
new Thread(() -> {
set.add(UUID.randomUUID().toString().substring(0, 8));
System.out.println(set);
}, String.valueOf(i)).start();
}
}
}
解决方法：
- Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<>())
- CopyOnWriteArraySet<>()（推荐）
CopyOnWriteArraySet源码一览：
public class CopyOnWriteArraySet<E> extends AbstractSet<E>
implements java.io.Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 5457747651344034263L;
private final CopyOnWriteArrayList<E> al;
/**
* Creates an empty set.
*/
public CopyOnWriteArraySet() {
al = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>();
}
public CopyOnWriteArraySet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
if (c.getClass() == CopyOnWriteArraySet.class) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") CopyOnWriteArraySet<E> cc =
(CopyOnWriteArraySet<E>)c;
al = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>(cc.al);
}
else {
al = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>();
al.addAllAbsent(c);
}
}
//可看出CopyOnWriteArraySet包装了一个CopyOnWriteArrayList
...
public boolean add(E e) {
return al.addIfAbsent(e);
}
public boolean addIfAbsent(E e) {
Object[] snapshot = getArray();
return indexOf(e, snapshot, 0, snapshot.length) >= 0 ? false :
addIfAbsent(e, snapshot);
}
//暴力查找
private static int indexOf(Object o, Object[] elements,
int index, int fence) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = index; i < fence; i++)
if (elements[i] == null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = index; i < fence; i++)
if (o.equals(elements[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
private boolean addIfAbsent(E e, Object[] snapshot) {
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
Object[] current = getArray();
int len = current.length;
if (snapshot != current) {//还要检查多一次元素存在性，生怕别的线程已经插入了
// Optimize for lost race to another addXXX operation
int common = Math.min(snapshot.length, len);
for (int i = 0; i < common; i++)
if (current[i] != snapshot[i] && eq(e, current[i]))
return false;
if (indexOf(e, current, common, len) >= 0)
return false;
}
Object[] newElements = Arrays.copyOf(current, len + 1);
newElements[len] = e;
setArray(newElements);
return true;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
...
}
集合类不安全之Map
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
public class MapNotSafeDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
// Map<String, String> map = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<>());
// Map<String, String> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
// Map<String, String> map = new Hashtable<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
new Thread(() -> {
map.put(Thread.currentThread().getName(), UUID.randomUUID().toString().substring(0, 8));
System.out.println(map);
}, String.valueOf(i)).start();
}
}
}
解决方法：
- HashTable
- Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<>())
- ConcurrencyMap<>()（推荐）
